Gene
Name:	xthA
Synonym(s):	ECK1747, EG11073, b1749, xth
Genome position(nucleotides):	1832428 --> 1833234
Strand:	forward
Sequence:	Get nucleotide sequence FastaFormat
GC content %:	53.41
External database links:

ASAP:	ABE-0005829
CGSC:	7
ECHOBASE:	EB1066
ECOLIHUB:	xthA
OU-MICROARRAY:	b1749
STRING:	511145.b1749
COLOMBOS:	xthA

Type	Name	Post Left	Strand	Notes	Evidence (Confirmed, Strong, Weak)	References
promoter	ydjXp5	1833217	forward	nd	[COMP-AINF]	[42]
promoter	ydjXp1	1833308	forward	nd	[COMP-AINF]	[42]
promoter	TSS_2056	1833345	forward	nd	[RS-EPT-CBR]	[43]
promoter	TSS_2057	1833569	forward	nd	[RS-EPT-CBR]	[43]
promoter	TSS_2058	1833986	forward	nd	[RS-EPT-CBR]	[43]

Evidence
[COMP-AINF] Inferred computationally without human oversight
[RS-EPT-CBR] RNA-seq using two enrichment strategies for primary transcripts and consistent biological replicates

Reference(s)
[1] Centore RC., Lestini R., Sandler SJ., 2008, XthA (Exonuclease III) regulates loading of RecA onto DNA substrates in log phase Escherichia coli cells., Mol Microbiol 67(1):88-101
[2] Chaudhry MA., Weinfeld M., 1997, Reactivity of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease and Escherichia coli exonuclease III with bistranded abasic sites in DNA., J Biol Chem 272(25):15650-5
[3] Cunningham RP., Saporito SM., Spitzer SG., Weiss B., 1986, Endonuclease IV (nfo) mutant of Escherichia coli., J Bacteriol 168(3):1120-7
[4] Daley JM., Zakaria C., Ramotar D., 2010, The endonuclease IV family of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases., Mutat Res 705(3):217-27
[5] Demple B., Johnson A., Fung D., 1986, Exonuclease III and endonuclease IV remove 3' blocks from DNA synthesis primers in H2O2-damaged Escherichia coli., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83(20):7731-5
[6] Gossard F., Verly WG., 1978, Properties of the main endonuclease specific for apurinic sites of Escherichia coli (endonuclease VI). Mechanism of apurinic site excision from DNA., Eur J Biochem 82(2):321-32
[7] Greenberg MM., Weledji YN., Kim J., Bales BC., 2004, Repair of oxidized abasic sites by exonuclease III, endonuclease IV, and endonuclease III., Biochemistry 43(25):8178-83
[8] Hoheisel JD., 1993, On the activities of Escherichia coli exonuclease III., Anal Biochem 209(2):238-46
[9] Kaluz S., Kolble K., Reid KB., 1992, Directional cloning of PCR products using exonuclease III., Nucleic Acids Res 20(16):4369-70
[10] Kirtikar DM., Cathcart GR., Goldthwait DA., 1976, Endonuclease II, apurinic acid endonuclease, and exonuclease III., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 73(12):4324-8
[11] Kirtikar DM., Cathcart GR., White JG., Ukstins I., Goldthwait DA., 1977, Mutations in Escherichia coli altering an apurinic endonuclease, endonuclease II, and exonuclease III and their effect on in vivo sensitivity to methylmethanesulfonate., Biochemistry 16(25):5625-31
[12] Kow YW., 1989, Mechanism of action of Escherichia coli exonuclease III., Biochemistry 28(8):3280-7
[13] Kow YW., Wallace SS., 1985, Exonuclease III recognizes urea residues in oxidized DNA., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82(24):8354-8
[14] Kuo CF., McRee DE., Cunningham RP., Tainer JA., 1993, Purification, crystallization and space group determination of DNA repair enzyme exonuclease III from E. coli., J Mol Biol 229(1):239-42
[15] Kuo CF., Mol CD., Thayer MM., Cunningham RP., Tainer JA., 1994, Structure and function of the DNA repair enzyme exonuclease III from E. coli., Ann N Y Acad Sci 726:223-34: discussion 234-5
[16] Kurita H., Inaishi K., Torii K., Urisu M., Nakano M., Katsura S., Mizuno A., 2008, Real-time direct observation of single-molecule DNA hydrolysis by exonuclease III., J Biomol Struct Dyn 25(5):473-80
[17] Linxweiler W., Horz W., 1982, Sequence specificity of exonuclease III from E. coli., Nucleic Acids Res 10(16):4845-59
[18] Mazouzi A., Vigouroux A., Aikeshev B., Brooks PJ., Saparbaev MK., Morera S., Ishchenko AA., 2013, Insight into mechanisms of 3'-5' exonuclease activity and removal of bulky 8,5'-cyclopurine adducts by apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(33):E3071-80
[19] Milcarek C., Weiss B., 1972, Mutants of Escherichia coli with altered deoxyribonucleases. I. Isolation and characterization of mutants for exonuclease 3., J Mol Biol 68(2):303-18
[20] Milcarek C., Weiss B., 1973, Preliminary mapping of mutations affecting exonuclease 3 in Escherichia coli K-12., J Bacteriol 113(2):1086-8
[21] Mol CD., Kuo CF., Thayer MM., Cunningham RP., Tainer JA., 1995, Structure and function of the multifunctional DNA-repair enzyme exonuclease III., Nature 374(6520):381-6
[22] Nozaki S., Niki H., 2019, Exonuclease III (XthA) Enforces In Vivo DNA Cloning of Escherichia coli To Create Cohesive Ends., J Bacteriol 201(5)
[23] Richardson CC., Kornberg A., 1964, A deoxyribonucleic acid phosphatase-exonuclease from Escherichia coli. I. Purification of the enzyme and characterization of the phosphatase activity., J Biol Chem 239:242-50
[24] Richardson CC., Lehman IR., Kornberg A., 1964, A deoxyribonucleic acid phosphatase-exonuclease from Escherichia coli. II. Characterization of the exonuclease activity., J Biol Chem 239:251-8
[25] Rogers SG., Weiss B., 1980, Exonuclease III of Escherichia coli K-12, an AP endonuclease., Methods Enzymol 65(1):201-11
[26] Rogers SG., Weiss B., 1980, Cloning of the exonuclease III gene of Escherichia coli., Gene 11(3-4):187-95
[27] Roychoudhury R., Wu R., 1977, Novel properties of Escherichia coli exonuclease III., J Biol Chem 252(14):4786-9
[28] Sak BD., Eisenstark A., Touati D., 1989, Exonuclease III and the catalase hydroperoxidase II in Escherichia coli are both regulated by the katF gene product., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86(9):3271-5
[29] Sammartano LJ., Tuveson RW., 1983, Escherichia coli xthA mutants are sensitive to inactivation by broad-spectrum near-UV (300- to 400-nm) radiation., J Bacteriol 156(2):904-6
[30] Saporito SM., Smith-White BJ., Cunningham RP., 1988, Nucleotide sequence of the xth gene of Escherichia coli K-12., J Bacteriol 170(10):4542-7
[31] Shida T., Kaneda K., Ogawa T., Sekiguchi J., 1999, Abasic site recognition mechanism by the Escherichia coli exonuclease III., Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (42):195-6
[32] Shida T., Noda M., Sekiguchi J., 1995, The recognition of DNA containing an AP site by E.coli endonuclease VI (exonuclease III)., Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (34):87-8
[33] Shida T., Noda M., Sekiguchi J., 1996, Cleavage of single- and double-stranded DNAs containing an abasic residue by Escherichia coli exonuclease III (AP endonuclease VI)., Nucleic Acids Res 24(22):4572-6
[34] Souza LL., Eduardo IR., Padula M., Leitao AC., 2006, Endonuclease IV and exonuclease III are involved in the repair and mutagenesis of DNA lesions induced by UVB in Escherichia coli., Mutagenesis 21(2):125-30
[35] Takeuchi M., Lillis R., Demple B., Takeshita M., 1994, Interactions of Escherichia coli endonuclease IV and exonuclease III with abasic sites in DNA., J Biol Chem 269(34):21907-14
[36] Taylor AF., Weiss B., 1982, Role of exonuclease III in the base excision repair of uracil-containing DNA., J Bacteriol 151(1):351-7
[37] Watanabe K., Tominaga K., Kitamura M., Kato JI., 2016, Systematic identification of synthetic lethal mutations with reduced-genome Escherichia coli: synthetic genetic interactions among yoaA, xthA and holC related to survival from MMS exposure., Genes Genet Syst 91(3):183-188
[38] Weiss B., 1976, Endonuclease II of Escherichia coli is exonuclease III., J Biol Chem 251(7):1896-901
[39] Weiss B., 1976, Terminal cross-linking of DNA strands by a mixture of exonuclease III of Escherichia coli and polynucleotide ligase of bacteriophage T4., J Mol Biol 103(3):669-73
[40] White BJ., Hochhauser SJ., Cintron NM., Weiss B., 1976, Genetic mapping of xthA, the structural gene for exonuclease III in Escherichia coli K-12., J Bacteriol 126(3):1082-8
[41] Yajko DM., Weiss B., 1975, Mutations simultaneously affecting endonuclease II and exonuclease III in Escherichia coli., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 72(2):688-92
[42] Huerta AM., Collado-Vides J., 2003, Sigma70 promoters in Escherichia coli: specific transcription in dense regions of overlapping promoter-like signals., J Mol Biol 333(2):261-78
[43] Salgado H, Peralta-Gil M, Gama-Castro S, Santos-Zavaleta A, Muñiz-Rascado L, García-Sotelo JS, Weiss V, Solano-Lira H, Martínez-Flores I, Medina-Rivera A, Salgado-Osorio G, Alquicira-Hernández S, Alquicira-Hernández K, López-Fuentes A, Porrón-Sotelo L, Huerta AM, Bonavides-Martínez C, Balderas-Martínez YI, Pannier L, Olvera M, Labastida A, Jiménez-Jacinto V, Vega-Alvarado L, Del Moral-Chávez V, Hernández-Alvarez A, Morett E, Collado-Vides J., 2012, RegulonDB v8.0: omics data sets, evolutionary conservation, regulatory phrases, cross-validated gold standards and more., Nucleic Acids Res.

RNA cis-regulatory element

Attenuation:	Transcriptional