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Synonyms: GalR-D-galactose, GalR |
Summary:
The "Galactose repressor," GalR, is a DNA-binding transcription factor that represses transcription of the operons involved in transport and catabolism of D-galactose [1, 2, 6, 9]. Synthesis of these operons is induced when E. coli is grown in the presence of inducer (D-galactose) and the absence glucose [1, 2, 9, 10] The expression of galR is increased only in the presence of inducer [1, 2] In particular, in the absence of D-galactose, GalR represses the galETKM operon [11] In this repression system, GalR binds to two operators in the presence of HU, resulting in the formation of a repressor loop [7, 11, 12] This repressor binds in tandem to inverted repeat sequences that are 16 nucleotides long and possess conserved motifs; each dimer binds to one of these conserved sequences [2, 9] On the other hand, GalR is highly homologous in its amino acid sequence to GalS (55% identical and 88% similar); apparently both act together and are capable of cross-talk to regulate expression of the gal regulon [1, 10] For this reason these regulators bind the same operators, in the cis regulatory regions, with different affinities [13] In the presence of inductor, GalR undergoes a conformational change that reduces its affinity for the operator. Read more > |
Transcription factor | ![]() ![]() |
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TF conformation(s): |
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Evolutionary Family: | GalR/LacI | ||||||||||||||||||
Sensing class: | Sensing external and internal signals | ||||||||||||||||||
Connectivity class: | Local Regulator | ||||||||||||||||||
Gene name: | galR | ||||||||||||||||||
Genome position: | 2976599-2977630 | ||||||||||||||||||
Length: | 1032 bp / 343 aa | ||||||||||||||||||
Operon name: | galR | ||||||||||||||||||
TU(s) encoding the TF: |
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Regulon |
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Regulated gene(s) | galE, galK, galM, galP, galR, galS, galT, mglA, mglB, mglC | ||||||
Multifun term(s) of regulated gene(s) |
MultiFun Term (List of genes associated to the multifun term)
carbon compounds (10)
colanic acid (M antigen) (3)
galactose metabolism (3)
capsule (M and K antigens) (3)
membrane (2)
Read more >
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Regulated operon(s) | galETKM, galP, galR, galS, mglBAC | ||||||
First gene in the operon(s) | galE, galP, galR, galS, mglB | ||||||
Simple and complex regulons | CRP,FlhDC,GalR,GalS CRP,GalR,GalS CRP,GalR,GalS,H-NS,HU CRP,GalR,GalS,HU CRP,GalR,GalS,NagC Read more > | ||||||
Simple and complex regulatory phrases | Regulatory phrase (List of promoters regulated by the phrase) |
Transcription factor regulation |
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Functional conformation | Function | Promoter | Sigma factor | Central Rel-Pos | Distance to first Gene | Genes | Sequence | LeftPos | RightPos | Evidence (Confirmed, Strong, Weak) | References | |
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GalR | repressor | galEp | Sigma38 | -60.5 | -86.5 | galE, galT, galK, galM |
ctaaattcttGTGTAAACGATTCCACtaatttattc
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792134 | 792149 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS], [BPP] | [1], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] | |
GalR | repressor | galEp | Sigma38 | 46.5 | 20.5 | galE, galT, galK, galM |
gagagttctgGTTACCGGTGGTAGCGgttacattgg
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792028 | 792043 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS], [BPP], [SM] | [1], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] | |
GalR | repressor | galEp1 | Sigma70 | -60.5 | -86.5 | galE, galT, galK, galM |
ctaaattcttGTGTAAACGATTCCACtaatttattc
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792134 | 792149 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS], [BPP] | [1], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] | |
GalR | repressor | galEp1 | Sigma70 | 46.5 | 20.5 | galE, galT, galK, galM |
gagagttctgGTTACCGGTGGTAGCGgttacattgg
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792028 | 792043 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS], [BPP], [SM] | [1], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] | |
GalR | repressor | galEp2 | Sigma70 | -55.5 | -86.5 | galE, galT, galK, galM |
ctaaattcttGTGTAAACGATTCCACtaatttattc
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792134 | 792149 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS], [BPP] | [1], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] | |
GalR-D-galactose | activator | galEp2 | Sigma70 | -55.5 | -86.5 | galE, galT, galK, galM |
ctaaattcttGTGTAAACGATTCCACtaatttattc
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792134 | 792149 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS], [BPP] | [1], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] | |
GalR | repressor | galEp2 | Sigma70 | 51.5 | 20.5 | galE, galT, galK, galM |
gagagttctgGTTACCGGTGGTAGCGgttacattgg
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792028 | 792043 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS], [BPP], [SM] | [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] | |
GalR-D-galactose | repressor | galPp | Sigma70 | -243.5 | -272.5 | galP |
atcatcacaaCTGAAACCGATTACACcaaccacaac
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3088004 | 3088019 | [AIBSCS], [BPP], [SM] | [8] | |
GalR-D-galactose | repressor | galPp | Sigma70 | -207.5 | -236.5 | galP |
agacaaagatTTGTAATATTTTCATAttattattcg
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3088040 | 3088055 | [BPP] | [8] | |
GalR-D-galactose | repressor | galPp | Sigma70 | -178.5 | -207.5 | galP |
ttattcggttTTCACAGTTGTTACATttcttttcag
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3088069 | 3088084 | [AIBSCS], [BPP], [SM] | [8] | |
GalR-D-galactose | repressor | galPp | Sigma70 | -107.5 | -136.5 | galP |
tgatgatataACTCAATTATTTTCATgcacttaaat
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3088140 | 3088155 | [AIBSCS], [BPP], [SM] | [8] | |
GalR | repressor | galPp | Sigma70 | -61.5 | -90.5 | galP |
ataaatgttaGTGTAAGCGATTACACtgatgtgatt
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3088186 | 3088201 | [GEA], [BPP], [SM] | [1], [6], [8] | |
GalR | repressor | galPp | Sigma70 | 136.5 | 107.5 | galP |
cctggatatcGGTGTAATTGCTGGCGcactgccgtt
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3088383 | 3088398 | [GEA], [BPP], [SM] | [1], [6], [8] | |
GalR-D-galactose | repressor | galRp | Sigma70 | 8.5 | -22.5 | galR |
cactgaaagaATGTAAGCGTTTACCCactaaggtat
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2976569 | 2976584 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS], [BPP] | [2], [6] | |
GalR | repressor | galSp | Sigma70 | -61.5 | -103.5 | galS |
aacaaaacggCTGTAACCGTTTCCATtgctgtgact
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2241764 | 2241779 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS] | [2] | |
GalR | repressor | galSp | Sigma70 | 91.5 | 49.5 | galS |
ctggcgtctcTGTGGCAACGGTTTCCcgggtgctca
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2241612 | 2241627 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS] | [2], [6] | |
GalR | repressor | mglBp | Sigma70 | -59.5 | -277.5 | mglB, mglA, mglC |
aaatcaggcgATGTAACCGCTTTCAAtctgtgagtg
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2240618 | 2240633 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS] | [1], [6] | |
GalR | repressor | mglBp2 | Sigma38 | -59.5 | -277.5 | mglB, mglA, mglC |
aaatcaggcgATGTAACCGCTTTCAAtctgtgagtg
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2240618 | 2240633 | [GEA], [APIORCISFBSCS] | [1], [6] |
Alignment and PSSM for GalR TFBSs | ![]() |
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Aligned TFBS of GalR |
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Sequence | |
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CAGATTGAAAGCGGTTAC | |
GTTAGTGTAAGCGATTAC | |
AGCAATGGAAACGGTTAC | |
ATTAGTGGAATCGTTTAC | |
AAGAATGTAAGCGTTTAC | |
CTCTGTGGCAACGGTTTC | |
ACCGGTGGTAGCGGTTAC | |
GTTGGTGTAATCGGTTTC | |
CAGTGCGCCAGCAATTAC | |
GGTTTTCACAGTTGTTAC | |
AAGATTTGTAATATTTTC | |
GTGCATGAAAATAATTGA |
Position weight matrix (PWM). GalR matrix-quality result |
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A 5 4 0 6 3 0 0 3 7 12 4 0 3 3 0 0 8 1 C 3 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 11 G 4 2 5 2 6 0 10 5 0 0 6 0 8 6 0 0 1 0 T 0 5 4 3 3 11 1 3 2 0 2 3 1 3 12 12 3 0 |
Consensus |
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; consensus.strict gtgagTGgaAgCGgTTaC ; consensus.strict.rc GTAACCGCTTCCACTCAC ; consensus.IUPAC vwbagTGgmArCGgTTaC ; consensus.IUPAC.rc GTAACCGYTKCCACTVWB ; consensus.regexp [acg][at][cgt]agTGg[ac]A[ag]CGgTTaC ; consensus.regexp.rc GTAACCG[CT]T[GT]CCACT[ACG][AT][CGT] |
Evolutionary conservation of regulatory elements | ![]() |
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Reference(s) |
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