RegulonDB

Regulon
Regulated gene(s)	alaT, alaU, alaV, argI, argS, argT, argX, bolA, cfa, crp, csgD, csgE, csgF, csgG, cspA, cspD, dksA, dnaA, dnaN, dusB, efp, fadD, fadL, fimB, fis, fkpA, flu, folK, frr, ftsA, ftsK, ftsQ, ftsZ, gabD, gabP, gabT, gadA, gadX, glaH, glgA, glgC, glgP, glnU, glnV, glnW, glnX, glsA, gltT, gltU, gltV, gltW, gluQ, glyT, grxB, hisJ, hisM, hisP, hisQ, hisR, hmp, idlP, ileT, ileU, ileV, ilvA, ilvD, ilvE, ilvG, ilvH, ilvI, ilvL, ilvM, ilvN, ilvX, iraD, iraP, isrC, ivbL, leuA, leuB, leuC, leuD, leuL, leuO, leuT, leuW, leuX, lhgD, livJ, lrp, mazE, mazF, mazG, metT, metU, metV, metW, metZ, mioC, mnmG, pcnB, pnp, proM, pyrB, pyrI, pyrL, qorA, queA, recF, relA, rmf, rpmE, rpoE, rpoS, rpsB, rpsO, rrfA, rrfB, rrfC, rrfD, rrfE, rrfF, rrfG, rrfH, rrlA, rrlB, rrlC, rrlD, rrlE, rrlG, rrlH, rrsA, rrsB, rrsC, rrsD, rrsE, rrsG, rrsH, rseA, rseB, rseC, rsmG, serW, setA, sgrR, sgrS, sgrT, speC, sra, sroA, sroD, tff, thiB, thiP, thiQ, thrT, thrU, thrV, tpr, trxA, tsf, tufB, tyrT, tyrU, tyrV, uspA, uspB, uspD, uspE, ybaT, yiiS, ytiC, ytiD Read more >
Multifun term(s) of regulated gene(s)	MultiFun Term (List of genes associated to the multifun term) tRNA (33) alaT, alaU, alaV, argX, glnU, glnV, glnW, glnX, gltT, gltU, gltV, gltW, glyT, hisR, ileT, ileU, ileV, leuT, leuW, leuX, metT, metU, metV, metW, metZ, proM, serW, thrT, thrU, thrV, tyrT, tyrU, tyrV translation (33) dksA, efp, frr, mazF, rmf, rpmE, rpsB, rpsO, rrfA, rrfB, rrfC, rrfD, rrfE, rrfF, rrfG, rrfH, rrlA, rrlB, rrlC, rrlD, rrlE, rrlG, rrlH, rrsA, rrsB, rrsC, rrsD, rrsE, rrsG, rrsH, sra, tsf, tufB ribosomes (28) relA, rmf, rpmE, rpsB, rpsO, rrfA, rrfB, rrfC, rrfD, rrfE, rrfF, rrfG, rrfH, rrlA, rrlB, rrlC, rrlD, rrlE, rrlG, rrlH, rrsA, rrsB, rrsC, rrsD, rrsE, rrsG, rrsH, sra rRNA, stable RNA (22) rrfA, rrfB, rrfC, rrfD, rrfE, rrfF, rrfG, rrfH, rrlA, rrlB, rrlC, rrlD, rrlE, rrlG, rrlH, rrsA, rrsB, rrsC, rrsD, rrsE, rrsG, rrsH Transcription related (13) bolA, crp, csgD, cspA, dnaA, fis, gadX, leuO, lrp, rpoE, rseA, rseB, rseC other (mechanical, nutritional, oxidative stress) (12) hisJ, hisM, hisP, hisQ, iraD, mazE, mazF, rpoE, rseA, rseB, rseC, setA isoleucine/valine (12) ilvA, ilvB, ilvD, ilvE, ilvH, ilvI, ilvL, ilvM, ilvN, ivbL, livJ, lrp activator (10) bolA, crp, csgD, cspA, dnaA, fis, gadX, leuO, lrp, sgrR membrane (10) csgF, ftsA, ftsK, gabP, hisM, hisQ, rseC, setA, thiP, uspB leucine (9) ilvE, leuA, leuB, leuC, leuD, leuL, leuO, livJ, lrp repressor (7) bolA, crp, csgD, dnaA, fis, lrp, sgrR starvation (6) dksA, mazE, mazF, mazG, rseB, rseC RNA modification (6) dusB, gluQ, mnmG, pcnB, queA, rsmG cell division (5) bolA, ftsA, ftsK, ftsQ, ftsZ DNA replication (5) cspD, dnaA, dnaN, mioC, recF adaptations (5) iraP, uspA, uspB, uspD, uspE sigma factors, anti-sigmafactors (5) rpoE, rpoS, rseA, rseB, rseC ABC superfamily, periplasmic binding component (4) argT, hisJ, livJ, thiB operon (4) cspA, fimB, leuO, lrp nucleoproteins, basic proteins (4) dnaA, fis, lrp, tpr ribosomal proteins (4) rpmE, rpsB, rpsO, sra temperature extremes (3) cspA, rpoE, rseA translation attenuation and efficiency (3) dksA, frr, mazF DNA recombination (3) fimB, fis, recF cytoplasmic polysaccharides (3) glgA, glgC, glgP ABC superfamily, membrane component (3) hisM, hisQ, thiP thiamin (3) thiB, thiP, thiQ arginine (2) argI, argT osmotic pressure (2) bolA, tufB fimbri, pili (2) csgF, fimB DNA structure level (2) cspD, fimB fatty acids (2) fadD, fadL prophage genes and phage related functions (2) fadL, flu aminobutyrate catabolism (2) gabD, gabT putrescine catabolism (2) gabD, gabT carbon compounds (2) gabP, glgP pH (2) gadA, glsA amino acids (2) glaH, lhgD thioredoxin, glutaredoxin (2) grxB, trxA ABC superfamily ATP binding cytoplasmic component (2) hisP, thiQ posttranscriptional (2) iraD, iraP RNA related (2) isrC, sroA defense/survival (2) mazE, mazF cell killing (2) mazE, mazF drug resistance/sensitivity (2) mazE, mazF RNA degradation (2) mazF, pnp pyrimidine biosynthesis (2) pyrI, pyrL inhibition / activation of enzymes (2) pyrI, sgrT unknown (2) relA, uspA radiation (2) uspD, uspE amino acid -activation (1) argS lysine (1) argT murein (1) bolA fatty acids and phosphatidic acid (1) cfa global (1) crp Accessory Factors Involved in Transport (1) csgE Channel-type Transporters (1) csgG regulon (1) dnaA phospholipid (1) fadD Beta barrel porins (The Outer Membrane Porin (OMP) Functional Superfamily) (1) fadL pilus (1) fimB chaperoning, repair (refolding) (1) fkpA folic acid (1) folK Transporters of Unknown Classification (1) ftsK SOS response (1) ftsK Porters (Uni-, Sym- and Antiporters) (1) gabP metabolism (1) glsA unassigned reversible reactions (1) hmp alanine (1) ilvE biotin (1) mioC RNA (1) pnp pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis (1) pyrB electron carriers (1) qorA DNA repair (1) recF nucleotide and nucleoside conversions (1) relA stimulon (1) rpoE Electrochemical potential driven transporters (1) setA antisense RNA (1) sgrS polyamine biosynthesis (1) speC DNA sites (1) tff detoxification (1) uspB Putative uncharacterized transport protein (1) ybaT Read more >
Regulated operon(s)	argI, argS, argT-hisJQMP, argX-hisR-leuT-proM, asnC-mioC-mnmG-rsmG, bdm-sra, bolA, cfa, crp, csgDEFG, cspA, cspD, dnaAN-recF, dusB-fis, efp, fadD-sroD, fadL, fimB, fkpA, frr, ftsK, gadAXW, glaH-lhgD-gabDTP, glgBXCAP, glsA-ybaT, grxB, hmp, ilvIH, ilvLXGMEDA, infA-serW, iraP, isrC-flu, ivbL-ilvBN-uhpABC, leuLABCD, leuO, leuX, livJ, lrp, metT-leuW-glnUW-metU-glnVX, metY-rimP-nusA-infB-rbfA-truB-rpsO-pnp, metZWV, mraZ-rsmH-ftsLI-murEF-mraY-murD-ftsW-murGC-ddlB-ftsQAZ-lpxC, nlpD-rpoS, pcnB-folK, pyrLBI, qorA, queA, relA-mazEFG, rmf, rpmE, rrsA-ileT-alaT-rrlA-rrfA, rrsB-gltT-rrlB-rrfB, rrsC-gltU-rrlC-rrfC, rrsD-ileU-alaU-rrlD-rrfD-thrV-rrfF, rrsE-gltV-rrlE-rrfE, rrsG-gltW-rrlG-rrfG, rrsH-ileV-alaV-rrlH-rrfH, rseD-rpoE-rseABC, sfsA-dksA-gluQ, sgrR-sroA-thiBPQ, sgrST-setA, speC, tff-rpsB-tsf, thrU-tyrU-glyT-thrT-tufB, trxA, uspA, uspB, uspE, yiiS-uspD, ytiCD-idlP-iraD Read more >
First gene in the operon(s)	argI, argS, argT, argX, bolA, cfa, crp, csgD, glaH, cspA, cspD, dksA, dnaA, dusB, efp, fadD, fadL, fimB, fkpA, frr, ftsK, ftsQ, ftsZ, gadA, glgC, glsA, grxB, hmp, ilvI, ilvL, ytiC, idlP, iraP, isrC, ivbL, leuL, leuO, leuX, livJ, lrp, mazE, metT, metZ, mioC, mnmG, pcnB, pyrL, qorA, queA, relA, rmf, rpmE, rpoE, rpoS, tff, rpsO, rrsA, rrsB, rrsC, rrsD, rrsE, rrsG, rrsH, rseA, serW, sgrS, speC, sra, thrU, trxA, tyrT, uspA, uspB, uspE, yiiS Read more >
Simple and complex regulatory phrases	Regulatory phrase (List of promoters regulated by the phrase)

Transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) arrangements

Functional conformation	Function	Promoter	Sigma factor	Central Rel-Pos	Distance to first Gene	Genes	Sequence	LeftPos	RightPos	Evidence (Confirmed, Strong, Weak)	References
ppGpp	activation	argIp	Sigma70	nd	nd	argI	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[1]
ppGpp	inhibition	argSp	Sigma70	nd	nd	argS	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[2]
ppGpp	inhibition	argTp	Sigma54	nd	nd	argT, hisJ, hisQ, hisM, hisP	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IEP]	[3], [4]
ppGpp	inhibition	argXp	Sigma70	nd	nd	argX, hisR, leuT, proM	nd nd	nd	nd	[IDA]	[5]
ppGpp	activation	bolAp	Sigma38	nd	nd	bolA	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IEP]	[2], [6]
ppGpp	activation	cfap	Sigma38	nd	nd	cfa	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[6]
ppGpp	inhibition	crpp2	nd	nd	nd	crp	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[7]
ppGpp	activation	csgDp3	Sigma38	nd	nd	csgD, csgE, csgF, csgG	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[8]
ppGpp	activation	csiDp	Sigma38	nd	nd	glaH, lhgD, gabD, gabT, gabP	nd nd	nd	nd	[EME]	[2]
ppGpp	inhibition	cspAp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	cspA	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[9]
ppGpp	activation	cspDp	Sigma70	nd	nd	cspD	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[8]
ppGpp	inhibition	dksAp2	Sigma70	nd	nd	dksA, gluQ	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[10]
ppGpp	inhibition	dnaAp1	nd	nd	nd	dnaA, dnaN, recF	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[11]
ppGpp	inhibition	dnaAp2	Sigma70	nd	nd	dnaA, dnaN, recF	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[11]
ppGpp	inhibition	dusBp	Sigma70	nd	nd	dusB, fis	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IMP]	[12]
ppGpp	inhibition	efpp	Sigma70	nd	nd	efp	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[2]
ppGpp	activation	fadDp	Sigma70	nd	nd	fadD, sroD	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[13]
ppGpp	activation	fadLp	Sigma38	nd	nd	fadL	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[6]
ppGpp	activation	fimBp2	nd	nd	nd	fimB	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IDA]	[14]
ppGpp	activation	fkpAp1	Sigma24	nd	nd	fkpA	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[15], [16]
ppGpp	activation	flup	Sigma70	nd	nd	isrC, flu	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[17]
ppGpp	inhibition	frrp	Sigma70	nd	nd	frr	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[2]
ppGpp	activation	ftsKp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	ftsK	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[18]
ppGpp	activation	ftsQp	Sigma38	nd	nd	ftsQ, ftsA, ftsZ	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[19], [20]
ppGpp	activation	ftsZp3	nd	nd	nd	ftsZ	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[19], [20]
ppGpp	activation	ftsZp4	nd	nd	nd	ftsZ	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[19], [20]
ppGpp	activation	gadAp2	Sigma38	nd	nd	gadA, gadX	nd nd	nd	nd	[EME]	[2]
ppGpp	activation	glgCp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	glgC, glgA, glgP	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[21]
ppGpp	activation	glgCp2	nd	nd	nd	glgC, glgA, glgP	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[21]
ppGpp	activation	glsAp	Sigma38	nd	nd	glsA, ybaT	nd nd	nd	nd	[EME]	[2]
ppGpp	activation	grxBp	Sigma70	nd	nd	grxB	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IMP]	[22]
ppGpp	activation	hmpp	Sigma38	nd	nd	hmp	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[23]
ppGpp	activation	idlPp	Sigma38	nd	nd	idlP, iraD	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IMP]	[24]
ppGpp	inhibition	ilvIp2	nd	nd	nd	ilvI, ilvH	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[25]
ppGpp	activation	ilvLp2	Sigma70	nd	nd	ilvL, ilvX, ilvG, ilvM, ilvE, ilvD, ilvA	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[26]
ppGpp	activation	iraDp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	ytiC, ytiD, idlP, iraD	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IMP]	[24]
ppGpp	activation	iraPp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	iraP	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IMP]	[27]
ppGpp	activation	ivbLp	Sigma70	nd	nd	ivbL, ilvB, ilvN	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[26]
ppGpp	activation	leuLp	Sigma70	nd	nd	leuL, leuA, leuB, leuC, leuD	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IEP]	[26], [28]
ppGpp	activation	leuOp	Sigma70	nd	nd	leuO	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IMP]	[29]
ppGpp	inhibition	leuXp	Sigma70	nd	nd	leuX	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[3]
ppGpp	activation	livJp	Sigma70	nd	nd	livJ	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[1]
ppGpp	activation	lrpp	Sigma70	nd	nd	lrp	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[30]
ppGpp	inhibition	mazEp1	nd	nd	nd	mazE, mazF, mazG	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[31], [32]
ppGpp	inhibition	metTp	Sigma70	nd	nd	metT, leuW, glnU, glnW, metU, glnV, glnX	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[3]
ppGpp	inhibition	metZp	Sigma70	nd	nd	metZ, metW, metV	nd nd	nd	nd	[IDA], [IHBCE]	[33]
ppGpp	inhibition	mioCp	nd	nd	nd	mioC	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[34]
ppGpp	inhibition	mnmGp2	Sigma38	nd	nd	mnmG, rsmG	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[34]
ppGpp	inhibition	pcnBp	Sigma38	nd	nd	pcnB, folK	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[35]
ppGpp	inhibition	pcnBp4	Sigma38	nd	nd	pcnB, folK	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[35]
ppGpp	inhibition	pyrLp2	nd	nd	nd	pyrL, pyrB, pyrI	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IMP]	[36]
ppGpp	activation	qorAp	nd	nd	nd	qorA	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[2], [37]
ppGpp	inhibition	queAp	nd	nd	nd	queA	nd nd	nd	nd	[EME]	[2]
ppGpp	activation	relAp2	Sigma70	nd	nd	relA, mazE, mazF	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[38]
ppGpp	activation	rmfp	nd	nd	nd	rmf	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[39]
ppGpp	inhibition	rpmEp2	Sigma32	nd	nd	rpmE	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[2]
ppGpp	activation	rpoEp	Sigma24	nd	nd	rpoE, rseA, rseB, rseC	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[40]
ppGpp	activation	rpoEp2a	Sigma70	nd	nd	rpoE, rseA, rseB, rseC	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[40]
ppGpp	inhibition	rpoSp	Sigma70	nd	nd	rpoS	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[41]
ppGpp	inhibition	rpsBp	Sigma70	nd	nd	tff, rpsB, tsf	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[42]
ppGpp	inhibition	rpsOp	nd	nd	nd	rpsO, pnp	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[2]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsAp	Sigma32	nd	nd	rrsA, ileT, alaT, rrlA, rrfA	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsAp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	rrsA, ileT, alaT, rrlA, rrfA	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsBp	Sigma32	nd	nd	rrsB, gltT, rrlB, rrfB	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsBp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	rrsB, gltT, rrlB, rrfB	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsCp	Sigma32	nd	nd	rrsC, gltU, rrlC, rrfC	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsCp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	rrsC, gltU, rrlC, rrfC	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsDp	Sigma32	nd	nd	rrsD, ileU, alaU, rrlD, rrfD, thrV, rrfF	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsDp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	rrsD, ileU, alaU, rrlD, rrfD, thrV, rrfF	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsEp	Sigma70	nd	nd	rrsE, gltV, rrlE, rrfE	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsEp3	Sigma32	nd	nd	rrsE, gltV, rrlE, rrfE	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsGp	Sigma32	nd	nd	rrsG, gltW, rrlG, rrfG	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsGp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	rrsG, gltW, rrlG, rrfG	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsHp	Sigma32	nd	nd	rrsH, ileV, alaV, rrlH, rrfH	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	inhibition	rrsHp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	rrsH, ileV, alaV, rrlH, rrfH	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[43]
ppGpp	activation	rseAp3	Sigma24	nd	nd	rseA, rseB, rseC	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[16]
ppGpp	inhibition	serWp2	Sigma70	nd	nd	serW	nd nd	nd	nd	[IHBCE]	[44]
ppGpp	activation	sgrRp	Sigma70	nd	nd	sgrR, sroA, thiB, thiP, thiQ	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[45]
ppGpp	activation	sgrSp2	Sigma38	nd	nd	sgrS, sgrT, setA	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[45]
ppGpp	inhibition	speCp	Sigma38	nd	nd	speC	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IMP]	[46]
ppGpp	activation	srap	Sigma38	nd	nd	sra	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA], [IEP]	[2], [47]
ppGpp	inhibition	thrUp	Sigma70	nd	nd	thrU, tyrU, glyT, thrT, tufB	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP], [IMP]	[48]
ppGpp	activation	trxAp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	trxA	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[49]
ppGpp	activation	trxAp2	Sigma70	nd	nd	trxA	nd nd	nd	nd	[IMP]	[49]
ppGpp	inhibition	tyrTp	Sigma70	nd	nd	tyrT, tyrV, tpr	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[50]
ppGpp	activation	uspAp1	Sigma70	nd	nd	uspA	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[13], [51]
ppGpp	activation	uspBp	Sigma38	nd	nd	uspB	nd nd	nd	nd	[GEA]	[6]
ppGpp	activation	uspEp	nd	nd	nd	uspE	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[52]
ppGpp	activation	yiiSp	Sigma24	nd	nd	yiiS, uspD	nd nd	nd	nd	[IEP]	[52]

Evolutionary conservation of regulatory elements

Note: Evolutionary conservation of regulatory interactions and promoters is limited to gammaproteobacteria.

Promoter-target gene evolutionary conservation

Evidence
[GEA] Gene expression analysis
[IEP] Inferred from expression pattern
[IDA] Inferred from direct assay
[EME] Expression microarray evidence
[IMP] Inferred from mutant phenotype
[IHBCE] Inferred by a human based on computational evidence

Reference(s)
[1] Barker MM., Gaal T., Josaitis CA., Gourse RL., 2001, Mechanism of regulation of transcription initiation by ppGpp. I. Effects of ppGpp on transcription initiation in vivo and in vitro., J Mol Biol 305(4):673-88
[2] Traxler MF., Summers SM., Nguyen HT., Zacharia VM., Hightower GA., Smith JT., Conway T., 2008, The global, ppGpp-mediated stringent response to amino acid starvation in Escherichia coli., Mol Microbiol 68(5):1128-48
[3] Rowley KB., Elford RM., Roberts I., Holmes WM., 1993, In vivo regulatory responses of four Escherichia coli operons which encode leucyl-tRNAs., J Bacteriol 175(5):1309-15
[4] Toulokhonov II., Shulgina I., Hernandez VJ., 2001, Binding of the transcription effector ppGpp to Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is allosteric, modular, and occurs near the N terminus of the beta'-subunit., J Biol Chem 276(2):1220-5
[5] Lyzen R., Maitra A., Milewska K., Kochanowska-Lyzen M., Hernandez VJ., Szalewska-Palasz A., 2016, The dual role of DksA protein in the regulation of Escherichia coli pArgX promoter., Nucleic Acids Res 44(21):10316-10325
[6] Kvint K., Farewell A., Nystrom T., 2000, RpoS-dependent promoters require guanosine tetraphosphate for induction even in the presence of high levels of sigma(s)., J Biol Chem 275(20):14795-8
[7] Johansson J., Balsalobre C., Wang SY., Urbonaviciene J., Jin DJ., Sonden B., Uhlin BE., 2000, Nucleoid proteins stimulate stringently controlled bacterial promoters: a link between the cAMP-CRP and the (p)ppGpp regulons in Escherichia coli., Cell 102(4):475-85
[8] Yamanaka K., Inouye M., 1997, Growth-phase-dependent expression of cspD, encoding a member of the CspA family in Escherichia coli., J Bacteriol 179(16):5126-30
[9] Brandi A., Giangrossi M., Giuliodori AM., Falconi M., 2016, An Interplay among FIS, H-NS, and Guanosine Tetraphosphate Modulates Transcription of the Escherichia coli cspA Gene under Physiological Growth Conditions., Front Mol Biosci 3:19
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